Adnan Hadzi
is currently working as resident researcher at the University of Malta. Adnan has been a regular at Deckspace Media Lab, for the last decade, a period over which he has developed his research at Goldsmiths, University of London, based on his work with Deptford.TV / Dorothea.TV. It is through Free and Open Source Software and technologies this research has a social impact. Currently Adnan is a participant researcher in the MAZI/CreekNet research collaboration with the boattr project.
Adnan is co-editing and producing the after.video video book, exploring video as theory, reflecting upon networked video, as it profoundly re-shapes medial patterns (Youtube, citizen journalism, video surveillance etc.). Adnan’s documentary film work tracks artist pranksters The Yes Men and net provocatours Bitnik Collective. Bitnik’s practice expands from the digital to affect physical spaces, often intentionally applying loss of control to challenge established structures and mechanisms, formulating fundamental questions concerning contemporary issues.
dek.spc.org
bitnik.org
dorothea.tv
Armina Pilav
is feminist, architect, researcher and lecturer at the Department of Landscape Architecture, The University of Sheffield – UK. She received the Marie Curie Individual Fellowship for her Un-war Space research (2016-2018) developed at the Faculty of Architecture and Built Environment – TU Delft. Armina’s research, practice and teaching intersects and focuses on politics of re-presentation and re-production of physical, mediated space, bodily and interspecies experiences in extreme conditions of war destruction. She founded Un-war Space Lab: It works as a fluid collective of researchers and practitioners across disciplines of landscape architecture, film, archaeology, visual arts, environmental humanities.
čardak on screen
toxic lands
Catherine Willems
a design anthropologist, combines her work as designer, lecturer and researcher. She is based in Belgium at the Department of Design, KASK & Conservatory, the school of arts of University College Ghent and Howest.With a background in Comparative Cultural Sciences at Ghent University and Footwear Design at Ars Sutoria in Milan, Willems’ PhD brought together biomechanics, anthropology and design sciences. She explores relations between gait (walking), context, materials, skills and design methods in various communities and questions conventional thinking on design, production and creativity. Inspired by the convergence of traditional wisdom and modern technology Willems has now embarked on a follow up study, 3D2WALK, which aims to bring sustainable production and individual needs closer together through 3D printing. In 2017 she founded ‘Future Footwear Foundation’ (www.futurefootwearfoundation.com) to scale up global activities and sustain the convergence beyond term-limited research. The foundation stands for creating footwear that is sustainable for body and environment and fosters collaborations between artisans, students, and synergistic units in academia and private sectors.
Charles Heller
is a researcher and filmmaker whose work has a long-standing focus on the politics of migration. In 2015, he completed a Ph.D. in Research Architecture at Goldsmiths, University of London, he is currently ResearchAssociate at the Centre on Conflict, Development and Peacebuilding (CCDP), Graduate Institute, Geneva. Together with Lorenzo Pezzani, in 2011 Heller co-founded Forensic Oceanography, a collaborative project based at Goldsmiths that has developed innovative methodologies to document the conditions that lead to migrants’ deaths at sea. Heller and Pezzani have also launched the WatchTheMed platform, a tool enabling nongovernmental actors to exercise a critical right to look at the EU’s maritime frontier. They have authored a number of human rights reports, including “Report on the Left-to-Die Boat” (2012);“Death by Rescue” (2016) ; “Blaming the Rescuers” (2017); “Mare Clausum” (2018) and “The Nivin” (2019), which have contributed to strategic litigation and have had a major impact both within the fields of migration and border studies, nongovernmental politics and the public sphere.Based on their research, they have lectured internationally and generated a number of theoretically innovative articles on the transformations of the Euro-Mediterranean border regime, the politics of aesthetic practice and nongovernmental politics at sea, which have been published in several edited volumes and in a number of international journals such as Cultural Studies, Postcolonial Studies,the Revue Européenne des Migrations Internationales, ACME, Spheres, Global Media and Communication, Philosophy of Photography, New Geographies and the Harvard Design Magazine. Their videos “Liquid Traces” (2014), “Death by Rescue” (2016), “The Crime of Rescue” and “Mare Clausum” (2018) have been exhibited internationally, including at the HKW, the Venice Biennale, the MACBA, theMOMA, the ICA and Manifesta 12.
Clemens Apprich
is professor in media theory and history at the University of Applied Arts in Vienna, as well as guest researcher at the Centre for Digital Cultures at Leuphana University of Lüneburg. He is an affiliated member of the Research Centre for Media Studies and Journalism at the University of Groningen, of the Digital Democracies Institute at Simon Fraser University, and of the Global Emergent Media Lab at Concordia University. His current research deals with filter algorithms and their application in data analysis as well as machine learning methods. Apprich is the author of Technotopia: A Media Genealogy of Net Cultures (Rowman & Littlefield International, 2017), and, together with Wendy Chun, Hito Steyerl, and Florian Cramer, co-authored Pattern Discrimination (University of Minnesota Press/meson press, 2019). He is is a founding co-editor of spheres – Journal for Digital Cultures (www.spheres-journal.org).
Daniela DeBono
is a Resident Academic at the University of Malta at the Department for Anthropological Sciences where she teaches courses, among others, on refugees, migration and displacement, borders, humanitarian action and human rights. She is also Research Coordinator of the Research Node ‘Displacement, Democratisation and Development’ at the Mediterranean Institute. She is an Affiliate of the Malmö Institute for the Studies of Migration, Welfare and Diversity (MIM). Previously she was Associate Professor in International Migration and Ethnic Relations at the Department of Global Political Studies, Malmö University. She held a Marie Curie COFAS Research Fellowship at the Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies at the European University Institute and was a Research Fellow at MIM. She was awarded a doctorate from the University of Sussex, where she was based at the Sussex Centre for Migration Research; and the Associate Professorship from Malmö University. She has conducted long-term ethnographic research on irregularised migration across the Mediterranean, border control and management in Malta, Lampedusa and Western Sicily. She also undertook an ethnographic study on deportation from Sweden. In relation to these projects, she has published on irregularised migration in the Mediterranean, hospitality and humanitarianism in the immigration field, on return and deportation from the EU, on citizenship and on children’s rights. Daniela is the country expert for Malta at the Global Citizenship Observatory, European University Institute and has authored a series of reports on citizenship law and policy, naturalisation and access to electoral rights.
Giovanna Reader
is a designer and researcher working with Border Forensics, a non-profit organisation analyzing the spatial and aesthetic conditions and conducting investigations into practices of border violence. Working in collaboration with migrant communities, NGOs and media organisations, Border Forensics documents and exposes the violence linked to the existence and management of borders. Giovanna’s role at Border Forensics currently focuses on the aerial frontier investigation of the Central Mediterranean and how networks of aerial control are shifting this border zone towards a new level of control and as a consequence border violence continues to be perpetuated. To document, analyze and expose these developments Giovanna conducts spatial research through various tools and techniques.
Hagen Kopp
is a co-founder of WatchTheMed Alarm Phone in 2014, a 24/7 hotline for people in distress at sea. In 2020 this transnational grass root project is carried by about 200 members from many cities all over Europe and North-Africa. Hagen is focusing to the central mediterranean area already since 2011, after the revolution in Tunesia.With his group „no one is illegal“ Hagen is active in Hanau near Frankfurt/Germany in several local struggles against deportation and social exclusion of refugees and migrants since 20 years. Simultaneously he is engaged in transnational networking for freedom of movement and equal rights.In 2018 he initiated with Alarm Phone the Palermo Charter Platform Process for corridors of solidarity „from the sea to the cities“. In 2019 he helped to organize the transborder summer camp in France, which brought together about 500 activists in a strong transnational composition.
alarmphone.org
trans-border.net
Ian Alan Paul
is an artist-theorist whose work examines enactments of power and practices of resistance in global contexts. Their transdisciplinary practice is formally diverse, often involving coding, photography, writing, and video, and is situated at the intersections of critical theory, contemporary art, and digital media studies. Ian has developed projects and lived for extended periods in the United States, Mexico, Spain, Egypt, and Palestine, and has exhibited their work and given lectures internationally. Their research-creation practice approaches issues that are geographically diffuse yet thematically connected, including the digitized surveillance of the Mexico-U.S. Border, the contested past and future of the Guantánamo Bay detention facilities, the politics of memory in Post-Revolution Cairo, colonial visualities in the occupied West Bank, and the cybernetic policing and securitization of the Mediterranean. They received their PhD in Film and Digital Media Studies from UC Santa Cruz in 2016, their MFA and MA from the San Francisco Art Institute in 2011, and is presently based in Barcelona.
Inês Moreira
is an architect, curator and researcher based in Portugal. Currently a postdoctoral research fellow at NOVA/FCSH, where she coordinates the new research cluster “Curating the Contemporary: on Architectures, Territories and Networks”; and a guest professor of Curating Exhibitions and of Contemporary Cultures at University of Porto. She is a founding member of the European Forum for Advanced Practices [Cost Action 18136] https://advancedpractices.net/charter. She holds a PhD in Curatorial/knowledge (Goldsmiths College, University of London), and master’s degrees in Architecture and Urban Culture (UPC/CCCBarcelona) and in Architecture (FAUP). Her research and curatorial work are devoted to abandoned buildings, post-industrial spaces and sites, along other man-made territories. Since 2001, she has curated exhibitions and programmed cultural events in several urban and post-industrial settings, including Guimarães 2012 – European Capital of Culture (Portugal), Festival Alternativa (Gdańsk, Poland), or Evento 2009 – Public Art Biennale (Bordeaux, France). info: inesmoreira.org
Inga Luchs
Inga Luchs is a PhD candidate at the Department for Media and Journalism Studies. Her PhD project revolves around the topic of algorithmic discrimination. From a decidedly technical perspective, she critically investigates the key principles of machine learning. She is a member of the Editorial of *spheres – Journal for Digital Cultures* and has co-edited the volume *The Eternal Network. The Ends and Becomings of Network Culture* for the transmediale 2020 festival “End to End” together with the festival’s artistic director Kristoffer Gansing.
Ishita Tiwary
Ishita Tiwary’s research interests include video cultures, media infrastructures, migration, contraband media practices, and media aesthetics. She has published essays in Bioscope: South Asian Screen Studies, Post Script: Essays in Film and Humanities, Culture Machine, MARG: Journal of Indian Art, and in edited collections on topics of media piracy, video histories, and streaming platforms. She is currently working on two projects. The first is her book monograph that traces the history of analog video cultures in India through an infrastructural lens. The second research project tracks the migration of pirated media objects and people from China to India via the Nepal border through bazaar spaces. Keywords: video cultures, video platforms, media infrastructures, migration, informal media practices
Jamie Allen
is occupied with what media and technologies teach us about who we are as individuals, cultures and societies. Born in Canada, he has been an electronics engineer, a polymer chemist and an exhibition designer. He likes to make things with his head and hands — experiments into the material systems of media, electricity, and information as artworks, events, and writing. He lives in Europe, works on arts and research projects, writes a fair amount, and tries to engage himself with and create prefigurative institutions that are generous and collaborative, acknowledging that friendship, passion and love are central to aesthetic, research and knowledge practices. He Senior Researcher at the Critical Media Lab Basel. (www.jamieallen.com)
Jamie Bonici
Academia.edu Platform for Migration Research Gate
Joshua Neves
is Canada Research Chair and Director of the Global Emergent Media (GEM) Lab at Concordia University (Montréal). His research centers on digital media, cultural and political theory, and problems of development and legitimacy. He is the author of Underglobalization: Beijing’s Media Urbanism and the Chimera of Legitimacy (Duke 2020), and co-editor of Asian Video Cultures: In the Penumbra of the Global (Duke 2017). He is currently co-writing a book on Techno-Pharmacology, co-editing journal special issues examining “Media Populism” (Culture Machine, August 2020), “Optimization: Towards a Critical Concept” (Review of Communication, 2021), “Paranoia” (Discourse, 2021), and working on collaborative initiatives centered on interface ethnography and videographic research methods.
Krista Lynes
is Canada Research Chair in Feminist Media Studies and Associate Professor in Communication Studies at Concordia University in Montreal. She is the author of Prismatic Media, Transnational Circuits: Feminism in a Globalized Present and co-editor of Moving Images: Mediating Migration as Crisis. She also directs the Feminist Media Studio, a research/creation lab that engages the complexity of representations of gendered and queer social life in differential contexts around the globe.
Manuela Bojadžijev
is Professor for Globalized Cultures at the Faculty of Cultural Studies at the Leuphana University of Lüneburg and vice-director of the Berlin Institute for Integration and Migration Research (BIM) at the Humboldt University of Berlin. She was previously a research fellow at the Institute for European Ethnology at the Humboldt University of Berlin (2010–2015) and worked inter alia at the Free University of Berlin, the City University of London, Goldsmiths University of London, and the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University in Frankfurt am Main (on the “Transit Migration” project). While working on her PhD she received a fellowship at the Institute for Social Research in Frankfurt am Main. The overall focus of her work is researching globalized and digitised cultures. She is interested in contemporary transformations of mobility and migration as well as of racism, in interplay with the current radical changes of work and life under conditions of digitisation and logistification. Addressing these topics, she currently oversees four research projects (funded be the European research programmes H2020 and HERA, as well as the Volkswagen Foundation and the German Research Foundation). Additionally she curates, together with the author Carolin Emcke, at Berlin’s House of World Cultures an online-archive on the history and presence of forced migration to Germany (funded by the Federal Cultural Foundation). Her more noteworthy publications include Turbulente Ränder. Neue Perspektiven auf Migration an den Grenzen Europas (2007; 2012; as part of Transit Migration Forschungsgruppe), Die windige Internationale (2008; 2012) and Race, Nation, Class: Rereading a Dialogue for our Times (2018; with Katrin Klingan).
Marcell Mars aka Nenad Romic
is a research fellow at the Centre for Postdigital Cultures, Coventry University. Mars is one of the founders of Multimedia Institute/MAMA in Zagreb. His research Ruling Class Studies, started at the Jan van Eyck Academy (2011), examinesstate-of-the-art digital innovation, adaptation, and intelligence created by corporations such as Google, Amazon, Facebook, and eBay. He is a doctoral student at Digital Cultures Research Lab at Leuphana University, writing a thesis on Foreshadowed Libraries. Together with Tomislav Medak he founded Memory of the World/Public Library, for which he develops and maintains software infrastructure. Mars is one of the convenors of Pirate.Care.
Margerita Pulè
Artist and Cultural Worker The Irish Maltese Artist uses walking art, photography, documentation, drawing and non-object-based art to protest a current context of pitting steroidal economic over-development against social and urban well-being. Malta is exposed to an increasing gentrification pressure on its tiny territory. “My practice has come to fall somewhere between conflict-tourism and a visual search for stability in an increasingly unstable urban environment. Creating work has become an act of indirect resistance, and an attempt to protect our (urban) environment from its over-commodification and economic exploitation.”
Maria Pisani
is also a practitioner and an activist, and the co-founder and director of Integra Foundation. Her ongoing involvement in the field provides an opportunity to keep the dialectic relationship between theory and practice alive, providing the space for critical knowledge production towards social transformation.Maria has published in international journals and contributed to a number of edited books and has been appointed as key expert in a number of inter/national research studies. She is also Editorial Board Member on the international journal Disability and the Global South (www.dgsjournal.org) and Guest Editor for the special issue, ‘Disability, Asylum and Migration’ for Disability and the Global South.Her research interests include forced migration with a special focus on gendered migration; youth studies; critical pedagogy, political mobilization and social transformation; exploring the citizenship assumption within Western epistemologies, policy development and practice; the deconstruction of Western and other dominant epistemologies and practice: engaging praxis as a project of transformation; social injustice and the intersectionality of inter alia race/ethnicity, gender, age, legal status, disability; applying post and neo-colonial theories to the study of (forced) migration, critical pedagogy and social justice issues.
Masha Salazkina
is Concordia University Research Chair in Media Arts and Cultures and Professor of Film Studies in Montreal, Canada. Her work incorporates transnational approaches to cultural history and theory. She is the author of In Excess: Sergei Eisenstein’s Mexico (University of Chicago Press, 2009) and co-editor of Sound, Speech, Music in Soviet and Post-Soviet Cinema (Indiana University Press, 2014) and Global Perspectives on Amateur Film and Cultures (Indiana University Press, forthcoming). Salazkina works on a range of topics including migratory and translation practices in film and media, Thirdwordist film festivals, international co-productions, history of film education, and shared legacies of global Cold War and colonialism.
Michaela Büsse
is a design researcher with an interdisciplinary practice involving writing, film and curatorial work. Currently, she is a PhD candidate at the Critical Media Lab in Basel where she explores how design comes to govern social, material, political and economic relations by tracing sand’s becoming-land. Michaela also edits Migrant Journal – a six-issue publication exploring the circulation of people, goods, information, and even fauna and flora, around the world.
Miguel Oliveros
Miguel Oliveros BA (Hons), MRes, PhD ”cum laude”. Fine artist,programmer and sound designer. Associate Professor at the Faculty of Communications and Arts, Universidad Nebrija, Madrid, Spain. Since 2015, he has carried out field studies across the militarized European, North African, Balkan borders and other hotspots as well as Central American refugee camps. Field studies which lead, for instance, to the integration and use of novel immersive experience (IX) technologies which provide a complete sensory experience for participants. Such research generated collaborations with the: OSCE, National Spanish Police, EASO, various activists, academic institutions and NGOs.
Peter Murray-Rust
Open Access and Open Science advocate. A Founder of Open Climate Knowledge and openVirus. Reader Emeritus in Molecular Informatics, Unilever Centre, Dept. of Chemistry, University of Cambridge. Murray-Rust was granted a Fellowship by Shuttleworth Foundation in relation to the ContentMine project which uses machines to liberate 100,000,000 facts from the scientific literature.
Wikipedia
Racheal Ikulagba
is the project manager for AMAM and is in charge of developing and managing projects. She has over 7 years of experience in tutoring, research development, project support, and management across multiple industries ranging from Academic, public health, and environmental sustainability. Before joining AMAM, Racheal served as a research assistant at MCAST for the Horizon 2020 project ReNature (Promoting research excellence in nature-based solutions for innovation, sustainable economic growth, and human well-being in Malta). Afterward, she moved to the University of Malta as a project support officer, where she worked briefly in providing support to academics on Horizon 2020 projects, Italia-Malta, and Erasmus projects. Racheal Volunteers as a mentor and children Sunday school teacher for young Africans in Malta. Her interests include project management and entrepreneurship. She is passionate about social advocacy and empowerment of young Africans to level up in global skills and highlighting their achievements for global impact and the development of Africa. Racheal’s enthusiasms include cooking, writing, and reading. She also finds satisfaction in helping others. Racheal aims to project the authentic African narrative of excellence, hard work, and humanity. She earned her first degree in Microbiology and Masters degree in Climate and Society from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
Regine Psaila
Regine Psaila is a founder of African Media Association Malta (AMAM) is a media NGO whose aim is to bring positively Africa into the news, working from an African perspective by tackling the issues that Africa faces, starting from the root causes. We use all forms of online media and platforms to stay connected with the audience and target groups, such as radio podcast and video clips news and articles. We also organize training for amateur journalists as well as migrants in general. Established to promote skills when it comes to media literacy and journalistic skills, part of our mission is also to develop expertise working with migrants, including youths and vulnerable target groups such as migrant women. We promote democracy, social inclusion, human rights, respect, and equal opportunity, self- branding and mobile journalism whose impact can be visible on its YouTube Channel. Knowing and understanding firsthand the issues faced by migrants, AMAM has arranged face to face meetings with government Ministers and their staff to bring issues to the attention of Government and to seek policy change where needed. AMAM has also become a hub for the African communities in Malta, and it works to support the formation of other voluntary organizations and informal youth groups. AMAM is an active member of PHROM, the Platform of Human Rights Organizations in Malta. It is an appointed member by the Ministry of European Affairs and Equality of the Forum for the Integration Affairs, for the integration of migrants in the Maltese society. It is an Associate partner of Job Plus, the National Maltese Job Agency, in the development of their project Employment Support Services for Migrants. AMAM is active in community led initiatives, and it has covered and reported news on social issues linked to migrants, becoming a reference point for a large pool of migrant communities. Over the years, AMAM has developed a strong knowledge of the field and the necessary skills and know-how to be able to successfully provide a good service to the communities of migrants and youths.
Simon Worthington
is a researcher in future publishing, including — free and open source software, economic models, and the politics of Open Science. Author of ‘The Book Liberation Manifesto’ outlining plans for the automation of publishing infrastructures to contribute to making research available to all. He is the Editor of ‘Generation Research’ an editorial platform for Open Science in Europe for the Leibniz Association Research Alliance Open Science and is based in R&D at the Open Science Lab, TIB – German National Library of Science and Technology. In 1994 he co-founded and published Mute magazine and continues as a member of the editorial collective and as publisher. He originally studied Fine Art at the Slade School, UCL (UK) and CalArts, Los Angeles (USA).
ORCID
twitter.com/mrchristian99
Generation Research
The Book Liberation Manifesto
Stavros Assimakopoulos
is an Associate Professor of Linguistics and Director of the Institute of Linguistics and Language Technology at the University of Malta. His research lies at the interface of linguistics with philosophy and cognitive psychology and focuses on the study of linguistic meaning, while taking into account its sociological dimension. On top of this long-lasting obsession, he is also working in the field of critical discourse studies(especially in relation to the study of hate speech and discriminatory discourse in general), by conducting data-driven research on discourses of traditional and especially social media and combining it with theoretical perspectives stemming from philosophy of language and argumentation theory. His recent publications include: Online Hate Speech in the European Union: A Discourse-Analytic Perspective (Springer, 2017; with Fabienne H.Baider and Sharon Millar), Pragmatics at its Interfaces (Mouton de Gruyter,2017) and Current Issues in Intercultural Pragmatics (John Benjamins, 2017;with Istvan Kecskes).
University of Malta profile
Tine Destrooper
is an associate professor at the Faculty of Law and Criminology of Ghent University and the coordinator of the Justice Visions project.Her research focuses on victim participation in transitional justice. She currently carries out a comparative study on the long term and unforeseen effects of victim participation on victims and their communities.Previously, she held positions at various European and American institutions, including New York University, the European University Institute, Leiden University, Wissenschaftskolleg Berlin and the Universities of Antwerp and Leuven. Here she conducted research on the consequences of violent conflict and the role of the international community in dealing with the aftermath of violent conflict. Her publications and lectures at various international forums have highlighted the often unforeseen consequences that international interventions can have for local (groups of) rights-holders.She was previously director of the Center for Human Rights and Global Justice in New York, where she gained experience in managing and publishing policy-oriented research, and where she worked together with researchers, civil society organisations and policymakers at various administrative levels (justicevisions.org)
Tomislav Medak
is a doctoral student at the Centre for Postdigital Cultures, Coventry University. Medak is a member of the theory and publishing team of the Multimedia Institute/MAMA in Zagreb, as well as an amateur librarian for the Memory of the World/Public Library project. His research focuses on technologies, capitalist development, and postcapitalist transition, particularly on economies ofintellectual property and unevenness of technoscience. He authored two short volumes: The Hard Matter of Abstraction—A Guidebook to Domination by Abstraction and Shit Tech for A Shitty World. Together with Marcell Mars he co-edited ‘Public Library’ and ‘Guerrilla Open Access’. Medak is one of the convenors of Pirate.Care. (http://tom.medak.click/en/)
Violeta Moreno-Lax
is Reader (Associate Professor) in Law, founder of the Immigration Law programme, and co-founder of the Centre for European and International Legal Affairs (CEILA) at Queen Mary University of London. She specialises in international and European migration and asylum law and borders and displacement studies, looking particularly at the issue of access to international protection, which she has investigated in her recent monograph: Accessing Asylum in Europe (Oxford University Press, 2017).She teaches a course on the internal and external dimension of the EU Area of Freedom, Security and Justice as Visiting Professor at the College of Europe and is involved as Legal Advisor with the Global Legal Action Network (GLAN).She also co-founded and coordinates the Search and Rescue Observatory for the Mediterranean (SAROBMED), launched to record human rights violations occurring in the course, or as a result, of interdiction/rescue operations at sea. Dr Moreno-Lax is also Senior Research Associate of the Refugee Law Initiative of the University of London, Co-Chair of The Refugee Law Observatory, and a member of the Steering Committee of the Migration Law Network.She has previously been a Lecturer (Assistant Professor) in Law at the Universities of Liverpool and Oxford and held visiting positions at the Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law and The Hague Academy of International Law, as well as at the Universities of New South Wales, Oxford, and Nijmegen.She regularly consults for international and non-governmental organisations. Her latest work on Humanitarian Visas has formed the basis of the Resolution adopted by the European Parliament in December 2018. And her research on extraterritorial jurisdiction and maritime rescue substantiates the plaintiffs’ claim in S.S. and Others v. Italy, pending at the European Court of Human Rights, denouncing the ‘pull back’ policy of refoulement by proxy undertaken by Italy through the Libyan Coastguard.